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18 ka gobol somaaliya iyo dagmooyinkooda

waxaan halkaan ku xusaynaa 18-ka gobol iyo dagmooyinkooda 

1- Awdal:- wuxuu ka kooban yahay afar degmo oo kala ah 

• Boorame ,oo caasimada gobolka ah
• Baki  
• Lug hayo 
• Saylac

2- Banaadir oo magaalo madaxda muqdisho
waxay ka kooban tahay sidaan anigu u hayo 17 degmo waana kuwan

• Cabdi casiis 
• Boondheere 
• Xamar jajab 
• Xamar weyne 
• Hawl wadaag 
• Heliwaa ama huri waa 
• Hodan 
• Kaaraan 
• Kaxda
• Shangaani 
• Shibis 
• Waaberi 
• Wada jir 
• Wardhiigley 
• Yaaqshiid 
• Dharkeynley
• Dayniile

3- Bari oo isaguna wuxuu ka kooban yahay 11 degmo

• Boosaaso oo caasimada ah 
• Caluula 
• Badarbeyla 
• Rako 
• Ufayn 
• Waaciya
• Qandala 
• Qardho 
• Xaafuun 
• Isku shuban

4- Togdheer oo isaguna ka kooban afar degmo

• Burco waa caasimada 
• Buuhoodle 
• Shiikh 
• Oodweyne

5- Sool wuxuu isaguna ka kooban yahay afar degmo

• Laas caanood waa caasimada gobolka 
• Caynabo 
• Xudun 
• Taleex

6- Galguduud wuxuu isna ka kooban yahay sideed degmo.

• Dhuusa mareeb oo caasimada gobolka ah 
• Cadaado 
• Alad 
• Balanbale 
• Ceelbuur 
• Ceeldheeren 
• Caabud waaq 
• Gel hareeri
• Guraceel

7- Hiiraan wuxuu isna ka kooban yahay shan

• Baladweyne waa caasimada gobolka 
• Buula barde 
• Jalalaqsi 
• Masax 
• Matabaan

8- Gedo wuxuu isna ka kooban yahay lix degmo

• Garbahaarey oo caasimada gobolka ah 
• Baardheere 
• Beledxaawo 
• Doolow 
• Ceelwaaq 
• Luuq

9- Waqooyi Galbeed wuxuu isaguna ka kooban yahay afar degmo

• Hargeysa oo caasimada gobolka ah 
• Dacar budhuq 
• Ber bera 
• Gebilay

10- Mudug isaguna wuxuu ka kooban yahay shan degmo

• Gaalkacayo oo caasimada gobolka ah 
• Galdogob 
• Xara dheere 
• Hobiyo 
• Jiriiban

11- Shabeelada Dhexe wuxuu ka kooban yahay todobo degmo

• Jawhar oo caasimada gobolka ah 
• Balcad 
• Mahadaay 
• Cadale 
• Aadan yabaal 
• Warshiikh 
• Run rugood

12- Shabeelada hoose wuxuu ka kooban yahay todoba degmo

• Marka oo caasimada gobolka ah 
• Afgooye 
• Aw-dhiigle 
• Baraawe 
• Kuntiwaarey 
• Qoryooley 
• Sablaale

13- Bay wuxuu ka kooban yahay shan degmo

• Baydhabo waa caasimada gobolka 
• Buurhakabo 
• Diinsoor 
• Qansaxdheere 
• Bardaale

14- Bakool wuxuu isna ka kooban yahay shan degmo

• Xudur waa caasimada gobolka 
• Ceelbarde 
• Rab dhure 
• Tiyeglow 
• Biyooley

15- Jubada dhexe wuxuu ka kooban yahay afar degmo

• Bu'aale oo caasimada ah 
• Dujuma 
• Jilib 
• Saakow

16- Sanaag wuxuu ka kooban yahay afar degmo

• Ceerigaabo waa caasimada gobolka 
• Ceel afweyn 
• Laasqoray 
• Badhan

17- Jubada hoose wuxuu ka kooban yahay shan degmo

• Kismaanyo oo caasimada ah 
• Afmadow 
• Badhaadhe 
• Xagar 
• Xamaame

18- Nugaal wuxuu ka kooban yahay afar degmo

• Garoowe waa caasimada gobolka 
• Dangorayo 
• Ayl 
• Burtinle

  

waxaa jira gobolo kale oo aan halkaan ku xusin  soomaaliya waa 35 gobol ee ma ahan 18 gobol 

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18 gobolada iyo dagmooyinkooda

How GPS Works

The Global Positioning System, also called NavStar, that we use was built by the US military and has been fully operational since 1995. Many modern GPS receivers use a combination of both GPS and the RussianGLONASS satellites for improved coverage and accuracy.

The GPS system currently has 31 active satellites in orbits inclined 55 degrees to the equator. The satellites orbit about 20,000km from the earth's surface and make two orbits per day. The orbits are designed so that there are always 6 satellites in view, from most places on the earth.

GPS uses a lot of complex technology, but the concept is simple.

The GPS receiver gets a signal from each GPS satellite. The satellites transmit the exact time the signals are sent. By subtracting the time the signal was transmitted from the time it was received, the GPS can tell how far it is from each satellite. The GPS receiver also knows the exact position in the sky of the satellites, at the moment they sent their signals. So given the travel time of the GPS signals from three satellites and their exact position in the sky, the GPS receiver can determine your position in three dimensions - east, north and altitude.

There is a complication. To calculate the time the GPS signals took to arrive, the GPS receiver needs to know the time very accurately. The GPS satellites have atomic clocks that keep very precise time, but it's not feasible to equip a GPS receiver with an atomic clock. However, if the GPS receiver uses the signal from a fourth satellite it can solve an equation that lets it determine the exact time, without needing an atomic clock.

If the GPS receiver is only able to get signals from 3 satellites, you can still get your position, but it will be less accurate. As we noted above, the GPS receiver needs 4 satellites to work out your position in 3-dimensions. If only 3 satellites are available, the GPS receiver can get an approximate position by making the assumption that you are at mean sea level. If you really are at mean sea level, the position will be reasonably accurate. However if you are in the mountains, the 2-D fix could be hundreds of metres off.

A modern GPS receiver will typically track all of the available satellites simultaneously, but only a selection of them will be used to calculate your position.

Almanac and Ephemeris

To determine the location of the GPS satellites two types of data are required by the GPS receiver: the almanac and the ephemeris. This data is continuously transmitted by the GPS satellites and your GPS receiver collects and stores this data.

The almanac contains information about the status of the satellites and approximate orbital information. The GPS receiver uses the almanac to calculate which satellites are currently visible. The almanac is not accurate enough to let the GPS receiver get a fix. If the GPS receiver is new, or has not been used for some time, it may need 15 minutes or so to receive a current almanac. In older GPS receivers, an almanac is required to acquire the satellites, but many newer models are able to acquire the satellites without waiting for the almanac.

To get a fix, your GPS receiver requires additional data for each satellite, called the ephemeris. This data gives very precise information about the orbit of each satellite. Your GPS receiver can use the ephemeris data to calculate the location of a satellite to with a metre or two. The ephemeris is updated every 2 hours and is usually valid for 4 hours. If your GPS receiver has been off for a while, it may take up to several minutes to receive the ephemeris data from each satellite, before it can get a fix.

Your GPS will have a screen, like the one on the right, which shows which satellites are in use. The bar graphs show the strength of the satellites that the GPS has acquired. If the bar is hollow, the GPS is still downloading the ephemeris. The circular plot shows the location of the satellites in the sky - the centre of the circle is overhead.

Startup

When you switch the GPS on, the time-to-first-fix varies depending on how long it is since you last used the GPS. To get a fix, the GPS receiver needs a valid almanac, initial location, time, and ephemeris data.

The terms "cold/warm/hot start" indicate how many of these pieces of data the GPS receiver already has. The terms mean different things to different GPS manufacturers.

Cold start - if the GPS not been used for a long time and/or has moved several hundred kilometres it will take some time to get the first fix. In this state, the GPS receiver does not have a current almanac, ephemeris, initial position or time. Older GPS units may take up to an hour to search for satellites, download the almanac and ephemeris data and obtain an initial position, though newer GPS units may require much less than this.

If the GPS receiver has moved several hundred kilometres, its assumptions about which satellites to use will be incorrect and it will have to search for them. Most units will let you enter an approximate location to speed the process.

Warm start - current almanac, initial position, and time are all valid. Ephemeris data is either invalid or only partially valid. Time-to-first-fix is likely to be 30 seconds to 2 minutes depending on satellite availability and the type of GPS receiver.

Hot start - if the receiver has been off for, say, less than an hour time-to-first-fix will likely be 5-20 seconds.

What does this all mean in practice?
If the GPS has been recently used you should get a fix almost immediately. If it hasn't, put the GPS outside with a clear view of the sky and have a cup of tea.

If you have a GPS in a vehicle, it's better to wait for the unit to get a fix before driving off. Receiving ephemeris data for a satellite takes 30 seconds. If you momentarily interrupt the signal during that time the GPS it could take up to a minute more to get the ephemeris for that satellite as it has to start over. If you drive in an area with tall buildings or other obstructions it may take a long time to get the ephemeris data, for four satellites, that is needed for the first fix.

Accuracy

The accuracy of the position your GPS reports is influenced by a number of factors, such as the positions of the satellites in the sky, atmospheric effects, satellite clock errors and ephemeris errors etc.

GPS units often show on the screen an accuracy figure, e.g. EPE on Garmin units. Under ideal conditions, this may be 5, or even 3 metres. Manufacturers are vague on exactly how this figure is determined and it would be unwise to take this figure literally.

You'll get a more realistic figure by looking in the specification section of your GPS receiver's user-manual. Typically, with a handheld GPS, 95% of horizontal GPS positions will be within 10 metres of their true location. The error in altitude will probably be at least twice the horizontal error.

The accuracy of a GPS can be improved by using secondary data from external reference stations.

Many consumer GPS units have a WAAS option. WAAS uses a network of ground-based reference stations. Readings from the reference stations are used to correct for some of the sources of error mentioned above. The correction data is sent to geostationary WAAS satellites which transmit them back to WAAS-enabled GPS receivers to improve position accuracy. WAAS is not available in New Zealand.

Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a similar system. The data from ground reference stations is transmitted to the GPS using longwave radio, FM radio, or even cellphones.

How many satellites are needed for a fix?

You need 3 GPS satellites for a 2D fix (i.e. no height) or 4 satellites for a 3D fix. Typically a GPS will track many more satellites than

A-GPS

Have you noticed how cellphone GPS units get a fix almost immediately. They use Assisted GPS (A-GPS) as a way of improving the time to first fix, or even allowing a fix in conditions where the GPS might not otherwise be able to function.

The A-GPS device will use a data connection (e.g. 3G on a cellphone) to contact an assistance server. The server can supply almanac and ephemeris data so the GPS doesn't have to wait to receive them from the satellites. The server can also send an approximate location derived from cellphone towers, allowing an immediate fix. In some cases the A-GPS device may send incomplete GPS data to the server for processing into a fix.

Once you are out cellphone and WiFi coverage, a cellphone GPS unit has to rely on the satellites to provide the ephemeris & almanac date so, like a standard recreational GPS, it takes 1-2mins to get a fix from a cold start.

Copyright © 2009-2014 Integrated Mapping Ltd. All Rights Reserved. This article may not be reproduced without permission.

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Maps for your GPS

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Summary of GPS

GPS (The Global Positioning System)
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations.
GPS us es these "man-made stars" as reference points to calculate positions accurate to a matter of meters. In fact, with advanced forms of GPS you can make measurements to better than a centimeter!
In a sense it's like giving every square meter on the planet a unique address.
GPS receivers have been miniaturized to just a few integrated circuits and so are becoming very economical. And that makes the technology accessible to virtually everyone.
These days GPS is finding its way into cars, boats, planes, construction equipment, movie making gear, farm machinery, even laptop computers.
Soon GPS will become almost as basic as the telephone. Indeed, at Trimble, we think it just may become a universal utility.

Here's how GPS works in five logical steps:

·         The basis of GPS is "triangulation" from satellites.We're using the word "triangulation" very loosely here because it's a word most people can understand, but purists would not call what GPS does "triangulation" because no angles are involved. It's really "trilateration."Trilateration is a method of determining the relative positions of objects using the geometry of triangles.

·         To "triangulate," a GPS receiver measures distance using the travel time of radio signals.

·         To measure travel time, GPS needs very accurate timing which it achieves with some tricks.

·         Along with distance, you need to know exactly where the satellites are in space. High orbits and careful monitoring are the secret.

·         Finally you must correct for any delays the signal experiences as it travels through the atmosphere.

We'll explain each of these points in the next five sections of the tutorial. We recommend you follow the tutorial in order. Remember, science is a step-by-step discipline!

How accurate is GPS?

Today's GPS receivers are extremely accurate, thanks to their parallel multi-channel design. Our 12 parallel channel receivers are quick to lock onto satellites when first turned on, and they maintain strong locks, even in dense foliage or urban settings with tall buildings. Certain atmospheric factors and other sources of error can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. Garmin GPS receivers are accurate to within 15 meters, on average. 

Newer Garmin GPS receivers with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) capability can improve accuracy to less than 3 meters on average. No additional equipment or fees are required to take advantage of WAAS. Users can also get better accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS), which corrects GPS signals to within an average of 3 to 5 meters. The U.S. Coast Guard operates the most common DGPS correction service. This system consists of a network of towers that receive GPS signals and transmit a corrected signal by beacon transmitters. In order to get the corrected signal, users must have a differential beacon receiver and beacon antenna in addition to their GPS.

The GPS satellite system

The 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth about 12,000 miles above us. They are constantly moving, making two complete orbits in less than 24 hours. These satellites are travelling at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an hour.
GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries onboard to keep them running in the event of a solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small rocket boosters on each satellite keep them flying in the correct path.
Here are some other interesting facts about the GPS satellites (also called NAVSTAR, the official U.S. Department of Defense name for GPS):

·         The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978.

·         A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994.

·         Each satellite is built to last about 10 years. Replacements are constantly being built and launched into orbit.

·         A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet across with the solar panels extended.

·         Transmitter power is only 50 Watts or less.

What's the signal?

GPS satellites transmit two low power radio signals, designated L1 and L2. Civilian GPS uses the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band. The signals travel by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but will not go through most solid objects such as buildings and mountains.
A GPS signal contains 3 different bits of information - a pseudorandom code, ephemeris data and almanac data. The pseudorandom code is simply an I.D. code that identifies which satellite is transmitting information. You can view this number on your Garmin GPS unit's satellite page, as it identifies which satellites it's receiving.
Ephemeris data, which is constantly transmitted by each satellite, contains important information about the status of the satellite (healthy or unhealthy), current date and time. This part of the signal is essential for determining a position.
The almanac data tells the GPS receiver where each GPS satellite should be at any time throughout the day. Each satellite transmits almanac data showing the orbital information for that satellite and for every other satellite in the system.
http://www8.garmin.com/aboutGPS/ 29.10.2015

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